INFIAMMAZIONE DI TIPO 2

Fisiopatologia e prevalenza

1. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
2. Robinson D et al. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(2):161-175.
3. Global Initiative for Asthma. Diagnosis and Management of Difficult-to-treat and Severe Asthma in adolescent and adult patients. v2.0 April 2019, Pocket Guide.
4. Peters MC et al. Measures of gene expression in sputum cells can identify TH2-high and TH2-low subtypes of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Feb;133(2):388-94.
5. Gauthier M et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep 15;192(6):660-8.
6. Chung KF. Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1086-96.
7. Fahy JV. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jan;15(1):57-65.

Meccanismi molecolari

1. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
2. Robinson D et al. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(2):161-175.
3. Chung KF. Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1086-96.
4. Junttila IS. Tuning the Cytokine Responses: An Update on interleukin (iL)-4 and iL-13 Receptor Complexes. Front Immunol. 2018 Jun 7;9:888.
5. Israel E & Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 7;377(10):965-976.
6. Shinkai A et. A novel human CC chemokine, eotaxin-3, which is expressed in IL-4-stimulated vascular endothelial cells, exhibits potent activity toward eosinophils. J Immunol. 1999 Aug 1;163(3):1602-10.
7. Steinke JW & Borish L. Th2 cytokines and asthma Interleukin-4: its role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and targeting it for asthma treatment with interleukin-4 receptor antagonists Respir Res. 2001;2(2):66-70.

Marker infiammazione di tipo 2

1. Parulekar AD et al. Role of T2 inflammation biomarkers in severe asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016 Jan;22(1):59-68.
2. Katial RK et al. Changing Paradigms in the Treatment of Severe Asthma: The Role of Biologic Therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 Mar - Apr;5(2S):S1-S14.
3. Prado CM et al. Nitric Oxide in Asthma Physiopathology. ISRN Allergy. 2011 Apr 19;2011:832560.
4. Guzik TJ et al. Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Inflammation and Immune Regulation. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;54(4):469-87.
5. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
6. Rosenberg HF et al. Eosinophil trafficking in allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jun;119(6):1303-10.
7. de Vries IJ et al. Adhesion molecule expression on skin endothelia in atopic dermatitis: Effects of TNF-a and IL-4 J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 Sep;102(3):461-8.
8. Shinkai A et. A novel human CC chemokine, eotaxin-3, which is expressed in IL-4-stimulated vascular endothelial cells, exhibits potent activity toward eosinophils. J Immunol. 1999 Aug 1;163(3):1602-10.
9. Global Initiative for Asthma. Diagnosis and Management of Difficult-to-treat and Severe Asthma in adolescent and adult patients. v2.0 April 2019, Pocket Guide.

Cascata infiammatoria

1. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
2. McGregor MC et al. Role of Biologics in Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Feb 15;199(4):433-445.

COMORBIDITÀ

Comorbidità di tipo 2

1. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
2. Carr S and Watson W. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011;7(Suppl 1):S8.

Rinosinusite cronica con poliposi nasale

1. Kato A. Immunopathology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergol Int. 2015 Apr;64(2):121-30.
2. Schleimer RP. Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2017;12:331-357.
3. Ceylan E et al. Nasal polyps and the severity of asthma. Respirology. 2007 Mar;12(2):272-6.
4. Chaaban MR et al. Epidemiology and differential diagnosis of nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013;27(6):473-478.
5. Hulse KE et al. Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015 Feb;45(2):328-46.
6. Chung KF. Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1086-96.
7. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
8. Dietz de Loos DA, et al. Symptoms in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jan;123(1):57-63.
9. Yamada T et al. Eotaxin-3 as a Plasma Biomarker for Mucosal Eosinophil Infiltration in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol. 2019 Feb 4;10:74.
10. Robinson D et al. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017 Feb;47(2):161-175.
11. Corren J et al. Dupilumab Efficacy in Patients with Uncontrolled, Moderate-to-Severe Allergic Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Feb;8(2):516-526.
12. McGregor MC et al. Role of Biologics in Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Feb 15;199(4):433-445.
13. Takabayashi T et al. Excessive fibrin deposition in nasal polyps caused by fibrinolytic impairment through reduction of tissue plasminogen activator expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Jan 1;187(1):49-57.
14. Stevens WW et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin lmmunol Pract 2016;4(4):565-572.
15. Akdis CA et al. Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: a PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin lmmunol 2013;131(6):1479-1490.
16. Khan A et al. The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: a large European cross-sectional study of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps. Rhinology. 2019;57(1):32-42.
17. Langdon C, Mullol J. Nasal polyps in patients with asthma: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. J Asthma Allergy 2016;9:45-53.
18. Bachert C et al. ICON: chronic rhinosinusitis. World Allergy Organ J 2014;7(1):25.
19. Head K et al. Short-course oral steroids alone for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD011991.
20. Fokkens WJ et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinol Suppl 2012;50(23):1-298.
21. Vaidyanathan S et al. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis with oral steroids followed by topical steroids. Ann Intern Med 2011;154(5):293-302.
22. Van Zele T et al. Differences in initial immunoprofiles between recurrent and nonrecurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014;28(3):192-198.
23. Stevens WW et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, asthma, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin lmmunol Pract 2017;5(4):1061-1070. 8.
24. De Greve G et al. Endotype‑driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017 Jul 12;7:22.
25. xAIFA - Farmaci biologici. Da: https://www.aifa.gov.it/farmaci-biologici [Ultimo accesso: settembre 2020].x
26. ISS - Farmaco chimico. Da: https://www.iss.it/farmaco-chimico. [Ultimo accesso: settembre 2020].
27. EMA - Medicinali biosimilari nell'UE - Guida informativa per gli operatori sanitari. Da: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/leaflet/biosimilars-eu-information-guide-healthcare-professionals_it.pdf [Ultimo accesso: settembre 2020].
28. Foltz IN et al. Evolution and Emergence of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Circulation. 2013 Jun 4;127(22):2222-30.
29. Fokkens WJ et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020 Feb 20;58(Suppl S29):1-464.

Dermatite atopica

1. Gelmetti C et al. Dermatite atopica 2016-2017. Sidemast.
2. Gandhi NA et al. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15(1):35-50.
3. Heffler E et al. The Severe Asthma Network in Italy: Findings and Perspectives. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 May - Jun;7(5):1462-1468.
4. Prescott JD et al. In Atopic Dermatitis, Looks Can Be Deceiving. Am J Manag Care 2016 (Suppl).